Archive - Abstract
Vol.42 No.1 (June, 2011)
- Original (Japanese)
Effect of the Degree of Crushing on the Extraction of Soluble Sugars and Starch from Rice Straw
- Kaoruko SUNAGA, Takashi MOTOBAYASHI, Tadashi HIRASAWA, Taiichiro OOKAWA, Tadashi CHOSA and Seishu TOJO
- The characteristics of crashed rice and the correlation between the effect of saccharification fermentation and the degree of crashing were investigated using the rice forage cultivar ‘Leaf-Star’ to establish an efficient utilization of starch in the whole crop rice for bio-ethanol. Then, the crushing energy and the energy from the crushed materials were examined. The degrees of crushing of separated organ samples, i.e., head, stem, leaf, and a mixed sample, were compared using the same crushing conditions. The small sizes of the relative particle mass of the mixed sample were larger than those of the separated organ samples. Therefore, the use of a mixed organ sample was considered to be an effective way to obtain a smaller relative particle mass size. The effect on the extracted amount of soluble sugars and starch due to differences in the degree of crushing of the samples were investigated. The extracted amount of soluble sugars was the same despite differences in the degree of crushing. There was high correlation between the extracted amount of starch and a crushed particle size of 50-100 µm. The total amount of the extracted soluble sugars and starch, was affected by the difference in the degree of crushing of the material sample. If we assume the maximum extracted amount can be obtained when using particles less than 100 µm in size, the extracted amount was 88 % for a mean particle size of 232 µm under a rough crushing condition. A comparison of the crushing energy and the energy from crushed materials indicated that rough crushing was most effective for extracting soluble sugars and starch.
Keywords: rice straw, starch, saccharification, crushing, bio-ethanol
- Original (Japanese)
Effects of Large-Scale Composting Processes on Maturity and Humification of Cattle Manure
- Masayuki TANI, Xiangzhen LI, Taku KATO, Fumihito MIYATAKE, Nobuhide FUJITAKE and Masanori KOIKE
- There are two major methods of composting: natural piling and mechanically induced mixing. Chemical properties and optical characteristics of humic substances extracted from two types of cattle manures, which had been produced by piling and mixing methods, respectively, were compared to investigate the effects of composting processes on humification of cattle manure. Both cattle manures showed mostly same degree of maturity after composting, judging from C/N ratio, easily decomposable organic matter, and germination test, however, completely different degree of humification. Humic acids extracted from the cattle manure composted by the piling method were classified into moderately humified B-type, which characterized by dark color and developed functional groups. The cattle manure composted by the mechanically mixing method contained the immature Rp-type humic acids, which characterized by lignin-like structures. Mobile humic substances extracted by water, which would affect plant growth more directly than stable humic substances extracted by NaOH solution, were also different among the composted manures. The water-extractable fulvic acids increased during the piling processes, however, decreased during the mixing processes. The differences in characteristics of humic substances in the composted cattle manure should be taken into consideration to evaluate their effects upon field application.
Keywords: cattle manure, composting process, maturity, humification, humic acid
- Original (Japanese)
Effects of Moisture Content on N2O and CH4 Emission Rate in Early Stage of Dairy Manure Composting
- Fumihito MIYATAKE, Shunya KUBOTA, Masayuki TANI, Taku KATO, Kazunori IWABUCHI, Takeki MAEDA and Kouki MAEDA
- In order to clarify the effect of moisture content (about 45 to 85 %) on green house gases (GHGs) in the early stage of dairy manure composting, nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) emission rate was investigated with a laboratory-scale composting device. Two peaks values of N2O emission rates were observed at the temperature range of 43 to 50 ℃ and 56 to 68 ℃ on day 0-1. Their peak values showed the tendency to increase as moisture content decrease. Average emission rate of CH4 was low level (0.009 ~ 0.043 mg·h-1·kg-dm-1) at moisture content of about 45 to 74 %, though it was high level (8.52 mg·h-1·kg-dm-1) at about 85 %. GHGs emission equivalent to carbon dioxide from N2O and CH4 emission decreased at moisture contents of 55.1, 60.8, 65.4, 73.4 % compared to the other conditions. Therefore, to control at moisture contents of about 55 to 74 % suppress GHGs emission on the early stage of composting.
Keywords: composting, moisture content, N2O emission rate, CH4 emission rate, CO2 emission rate, O2 uptake rate
Vol.42 No.2 (September, 2011)
- Original (Japanese)
Heat Recovery and Utilization from Dairy Manure Composting Process by Vacuum-type Aeration Composting System - Effect of mixing various bulking agents on heat recovery and utilization -
- Yoichiro KOJIMA and Yoshiyuki ABE
- In this paper, we describe the use of various bulking agents for recovering heat from a vacuum-aeration composting system; in addition, we discuss the probability of utilization of the heat generated during composting processes. The materials were composted for 28 days using a 430 L reactor, and the heat recovered from vacuumed gases was calculated. Composting was carried out by employing four commonly used materials and two materials that are not commonly used, namely, rock wool waste generated from horticultural activities and spent mushroom waste. Heat energy of 229-601 MJm-3 was recovered from vacuum-aeration composting; 90-162 MJm-3 of this recovered energy was obtained as utility energy. The heat recovered from vacuum-aeration composting was 13 % of the heat recovered in the case of combustion reaction.
Keywords: vacuum type aeration composting, sub-material, heat recovery, exergy, waste rock-wool, spent mushroom compost
- Original (Japanese)
Investigations of Heat Flux on Soil Surface at Several Plastic Greenhouses which Differed Cultivation Condition
- Shinsuke FURUNO, Sadanori SASE and Hironori SATO
- In a snowy and cold area of northern Japan, heat fluxes on soil surface were investigated in several plastic greenhouses with different crop and cultivation conditions. The results can be summarized as follows:
- (1) The daily changes in heat flux on soil surface depended on the kind of growing crops under the similar conditions of solar radiation. In a plastic greenhouse which floor was always covered by the leaves and stems of hydroponically grown rose plants, upward heat flux on soil surface was less than 5 W m-2, and smaller than those for other crops. On the other hand, in the plastic greenhouse which cultivated cucumber or cherry plants, the solar radiation was accumulated into the soil, and the upward heat flux in the nighttime was about 20 W m-2 or less.
- (2) The changes in heat flux on soil surface during the investigation period depended on the plant growth stage, too. Although the solar radiation increased after March, the heat fluxes on soil surface did not increase. The amount of solar radiation reaching onto soil surface was decreased by an increase in leaf area.
Keywords: cultivation condition, greenhouse, heat flux on soil surface, solar radiation
- Original (Japanese)
Effect of Biomass Collection-center Location on Transportation Efficiency (Part 2) - Examining the route length using GIS -
- Genta KANAI, Kazuhiro TAKEKURA, Hitoshi KATO, Yuichi KOBAYASHI and Ken-ichi YAKUSHIDO
- The calculation Method Ⅰ presented in Part 1 was based on the hypothesis that the transportation route length is equal to the straight-line distance from the field to the facility, with its stock yard for straw. We examined Method Ⅰ through comparison of results of Method Ⅰ with results of GIS simulation, which can output the shortest route length (SRL) and the fastest route length (FRL).
- Results show that SRL is 120 % of the straight distance; FRL is 125-135 % of the straight distance.
- The value of the average straight distance (ASD) for transportation was found to be inadequate for the average length of the transportation route because the ASD was 85-115 % of SRL and 92-127 % of FRL for 50 kt of dry-straw collection. Other ASD values were 88-148 % of SRL and 94-163 % of FRL for 100 kt collection and 107-173 % of SRL and 118-188 % of FRL for the 200 kt collection.
- The amounts of fuel and trucks obtained using Method Ⅰ were sufficient to support 91.7-106.5 % of 50 kt planned amount of straw collection when adopting the shortest routes based on the GIS program or 86.9-103.4 % when adopting the fastest routes based on the GIS program.
- Results show that ASD was shorter than SRL or FRL. The calculated results obtained using Method Ⅰ tend to show smaller values for the necessary amounts of fuel and trucks.
Keywords: GIS, biomass, rice straw, transportation, simulation
Vol.42 No.3 (December, 2011)
- Original (Japanese)
Effect of Biomass Collection-center Location on Transportation Efficiency (Part 3) - Improving accuracy -
- Genta KANAI, Kazuhiro TAKEKURA, Hitoshi KATO, Yuichi KOBAYASHI, Ken-ichi YAKUSHIDO and Hisashi KOWATA
- Calculation Method Ⅰ shows deviation from the results of the GIS simulation presented in Part 2. Therefore, we developed a method to improve the accuracy and checked it using GIS simulation.
- In calculation Method Ⅰ-2, the shortest route length (SRL) was set to be as long as 1.2 times the straight distance (SD). The fastest route length (FRL) was set to be as long as 1.3 times SD. The calculated results of Method Ⅰ-2 showed deviation. Based on results of the GIS simulation, they were more than 27 % under the condition of collecting 50, 100, 200 kt of straw. Therefore, Ⅰ-2 was found to be impractical.
- In calculation Method Ⅱ-2, to adapt the calculation to the uneven distribution of the field in the area, we divided the area into concentric circles. Then we calculated the average distances from all doughnut-type areas to the facility used as a stockyard for straw and summed them up to determine the average distance travelled within area. Furthermore, SRL was set to be as long as 1.2 times the distance. FRL was set to be as long as 1.3 times the distance. Calculated results obtained using Method Ⅱ-2 showed a small deviation based on results of the GIS simulation. The amount of fuel and trucks based on Method Ⅱ-2 was able to support at least 98 % of the planned collection of straw in the simulation of collecting 50, 100, 200 kt of straw.
- Method Ⅱ-2 can be adopted for any area. However, we have not examined whether the value of the ratio of route length to straight distance, α=1.2 (SRL), α=1.3 (FRL), is a general value or not. Furthermore, the SRL was not compared with the real route length adopted by truck drivers.
Keywords: GIS, biomass, rice straw, transportation, simulation
- Original (Japanese)
Development of a Soilless Culture Substrate Using Incinerated Ash from Sewage Sludge
- Shingo MIYAMOTO, Yosuke MINOWA and Fumihiko TANAKA
- The use of incinerated ash from sewage sludge as an alternative substrate for soilless culture was investigated. Incinerated ash was combined with charcoal powder to increate porosity and ceramic glaze to permit a lower incineration temperature, and the mixture was incinerated and used as an alternative substrate. The physical properties of the substrate were greatly influenced by the ratio of mixed materials; however, we aimed to develop a suitable product that could not only be used for soilless culture but that could be easily returned to the soil without becoming industrial waste. The optimal compounding ratio of materials was found to be 10: 1: 3 (incinerated ash from sewage sledge: ceramic glaze: charcoal powder) when burned at 850 ℃. The average moisture content of samples was about 60 %, and the average hardness (compression load) was about 40 N. These physical properties are sufficient to endure the handling requirements of this product for plant culture. Tomatoes grown in soilless culture had identical growth rates and fruiting ratios when grown on rockwool and the incinerated ash mixture; however, the latter substrate resulted in tomatoes weighing 1.5 times that of tomatoes grown hydroponically on rockwool. At the end of culture, the physical properties of the substrates were examined. The moisture content of the incinerated ash mixture was 70 % and the average hardness was about 40 N, values sufficient to warrant re-use of the substrate for additional soilless culture.
Keywords: alternative substrate, ceramic glaze, charcoal powder, incinerated ash from sewage sludge, compression load
- Original (Japanese)
Physico-Chemical Properties of Distillation Wastes from Bio-Ethanol Production and their Potential for Arable Land Application
- Masayuki TANI, Taku KATO, Fumihito MIYATAKE, Masanori KOIKE and Ken TOKUYASU
- Physico-chemical properties and fertilizer components of distillation wastes, discharged from bio-ethanol production, were investigated to evaluate thier potentials for arable land application. In this study, characteristics of organic matter and dissolved humic substances in the distillation wastes and effects of waste application on crop growth and quality through pot experiment were also investigated. The distillation wastes from bio-ethanol production contained high concentration of fertilizer nutrients which might be available for crops as same as shochu distillation wastes, of which concentration and composition were distinctly influenced by raw materials. The wastes were also rich in easily decomposable organic matter, which could be biodegraded rapidly in soils, while they included a large amount of colored matter and humic substances in the liquid fraction, of which properties were strongly affected by raw materials and manufacturing processes. Waste application for spinach in the pot experiment indicated that the wastes were effective to supply alternative fertilizer nutrients. The inhibitive effects of the waste application on crop growth and quality were not observed. Subsequent effects of colored matter and humic substances on crop and environment, and alternative effects of the distillation wastes upon field application should be clarified.
Keywords: bio-ethanol, distillation waste, substandard wheat, beet sugar concentrate, sugar cane blackstrap molasses, fertilizer component, colored matter, dissolved humic substance, arable land application, pot experiment
- Original (Japanese)
Effects of Different Gas Utilization Methods on Energy Balance during Biogas Plant Operation
- Hiroyuki NAKAYAMA, Sinji HOSHIBA, Tetsuya ISHIDA, Mitsuhiro YOKOHAMA, Toshiyuki IMAI, Tatsuo HISHINUMA and Shigeru MORITA
- A simulation model was created based on measurement data gathered from joint-use-type biogas plants in operation. The effects of biogas utilization methods on energy balance during plant operation were compared quantitatively for cases in which a gas boiler, a combined heat and power supply (CHP) or a refining/compressing/filling device is used, to determine the most efficient biogas utilization method. The greenhouse gas emissions were also measured from the amounts of fossil energy input and methane in the off-gas discharged during refinement, to clarify the environmental burden.
- The results revealed that the energy production efficiency was the highest for biogas plants treating waste from 1 000 dairy cows using a CHP. The greenhouse gas emission was the smallest in the case using a CHP and the largest case of using a refining/compressing/filling device was more than ten times that of the case using a CHP.
Keywords: biogas, cogenerator, refining/compressing/filling device, energy balance, greenhouse gas, joint-use-type
- Original (Japanese)
Utilization of Spent Mushroom Compost Dehydrated by Composting Process as Bulking Agent of Dairy Manure Compost
- Yoichiro KOJIMA and Yoshiyuki ABE
- In this article, we describe the use of spent mushroom compost (SMC), which was dehydrated through a composting process, as a bulking agent. We studied SMC composting for 28 days using a 430-L reactor, and further assessed the potential of SMC as a bulking agent based on characteristics such as moisture content and volatile fatty acid content. We found that SMC could be dehydrated the moisture content of 37.8 %,w.b. in the composting process, which required only 19.8 % of the energy required by a fire dryer. Moreover, composted SMC as a bulking agent was more efficient in improving aeration than non-composted SMC; the total aeration required during the composting process was 57 % of that required by non-composted SMC. Further, composted SMC caused less plant growth inhibition compared with non-composted SMC.
Keywords: spent mushroom compost, composting dehydration, bulking agent volatile fatty acid, growth of seedling
Vol.42 No.4 (March, 2012)
- Original (English)
Aerosol Dispersion Properties under Turning in a Composting Facility and the Countermeasure
- Atsuo IKEGUCHI, Mitsuyoshi ISHIDA and Ryo NAKAKUBO
- If Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) survives in compost or waste at a composting facility, it can spread to outside farms when the compost is turned. Therefore, it is important to investigate dispersion properties of aerosols caused by turning from a composting facility. And then water spraying was examined to inhibit dispersion as a countermeasure. The ratio of aerosol concentration at a certain distance from the facility to the concentration generated by turning inside the facility (dimensionless concentration) for all particle sizes was close to 0 at a distance greater than or equal to 40 m from the facility. Within 40 m the dimensionless concentration reduced as the distance was getting longer from the facility. The concentration of 0.3 µm ≤ aerosol diameter < 0.5 µm was the highest at 108 particles m-3 in the facility. An equation to predict aerosol concentration at any distance from a facility was deduced. Spraying was an effective measure to suppress the dispersion of aerosol, and the reduction rate was 90 %.
Keywords: aerosol, composting facilities, dispersion, spray, turning
- Original (Japanese)
Effects of Low Lysine Feed on Growth Performance, Intramuscular Fat Content and Amino Acid Composition in the Loin Eye Muscle
- Gou NOGUCHI and Mariko MIYABE
- This study was carried out using 46 three-way cross hybrid pigs. The effects of feeding pigs a diet with lysine content lower than required were examined during the fattening phase by measuring growth performance, amino acid composition and intramuscular fat content. Pigs were divided into two groups. Dietary protein and lysine content were 14.9 % and 0.75 % in the control group and 14.1 % and 0.52 % in the experimental group. Pig live weight increased from 65 kg to 110 kg. Daily gain and feed conversion were slightly inferior in the group fed a low lysine diet than the control group. The eye muscle area was significantly lower in the low lysine group than the control group. The low lysine group's flesh color was somewhat pale when compared with the control group. Intramuscular fat in the loin eye muscle was significantly higher in the low lysine group than the control group. Intramuscular fat accumulation was also higher in the lumbar section of the loin. Eighteen kinds of structural amino acids significantly decreased in the low lysine group. The total free amino acid composition showed significantly decreased levels of aspartic acid, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, tryptophan, lysine and arginine in the low lysine group. Stearic acid and palmitic acid were significantly higher in the backfat of the low lysine group, but linoleic acid was significantly lower in the control. From the above, we conclude that when the level of nutrients fall below the required Japanese feeding standard for swine, only low lysine causes increased intramuscular fat in the loin eye muscle, lower daily gain and decreased accumulation of structural amino acids in the muscle. Low lysine clearly affects the quality of meat.
Keywords: pig, low lysine, intramuscular fat, daily gain, amino acid
- Original (English)
Basic Study on Bioethanol Production from Sago Extraction Residue as Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation using Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- SHOLAHUDDIN, Keo INTABON and Takaaki SATAKE
- Indonesia is home of approximately 19 million ha of peat soils, where sago palm can grow well without intensive input as other crops do. Due to the increasing of international oil price, Indonesian governments stated national policy to have bioethanol in fuel mixture which may be achieved from sago starch. However, the efficiency of sago starch extraction process is still not adequate. In order to extract 1kg of starch, 0.6kg dry matter residue (31 % starch and 40 % fiber) will be generated and disposed as polluting materials to the environment. In this study, sago extraction residue (SER) was used for bioethanol production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF).
- The microorganisms involved during SSF experiments were Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma reesei and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The bioethanol produced on SSF was 10.9 and 10.4 g/L from 50 g/L of SER solution at cocultures of A. awamori and S. cerevisiae, and cocultures of A. awamori, T. reesei, and S. cerevisiae, respectively. The starch utilization of the SER was about 88 %. The fiber was only 5 % converted to bioethanol due to the low cellulase activity produced by T. reesei on cocultures. However, the overall results indicated sago extraction residue was a good substrate as bioethanol feedstock.
Keywords: sago waste, Aspergillus awamori, Trichoderma reesei, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cocultures, SSF, bioethanol
- Original (Japanese)
Reduction of Energy Consumed by CO2 Heat Pump for Raw Milk Cooling System
- Mitsuyoshi ISHIDA, Ryo NAKAKUBO, Masahisa OOTAKE, Toshizou FUJII, Hiroshi MUKAIYAMA, Kazuhisa NONAKA, Atsuo IKEGUCHI and Sanki HASEGAWA
- A pre-cooling system for raw milk was developed using a heat pump and an ice builder that employs a natural refrigerant, i.e., CO2; in addition, tests were conducted to evaluate the energy balance, thermal efficiency, and other performance parameters of the system. The developed system recovers the waste heat, generated by the formation of ice in the ice builder, in the form of hot water (around 85 ℃). The hot water can be utilized to wash bulk cooler tanks and milk pipelines. The system was installed by two farmers in Tochigi prefecture. It had a heat exchanger effectiveness of approximately 45-79 %, and its deployment resulted in an annual reduction in energy consumption, running cost, and CO2 exhaust tonnage of approximately 34-49 %, 19-39 % (90000-140000 Yen), and 21-40 %, respectively.
Keywords: raw milk, CO2 heat pump, bulk cooler, energy consumption, running cost, CO2 exhaust tonnage
- Note (Japanese)
Investigation on the Current Status for Proposal of Low-cost Wastewater Treatment Processes for Milking Center at Dairy Farms in H Town, Hokkaido
- Kenji NEKOMOTO, Shinji HOSHIBA, Koki TAKAHASHI, Taizo UCHIDA, Saori KAWAI, Shiho ISHIKAWA and Shigeru MORITA
- The aim of this study was to investigate the current situations of wastewater from milking center at dairy farms in order to propose the low-cost treatment systems for purifying wastewater. From the investigation on handlings, treatment processes and conditions of the effluent from milk house or milking parlor at all dairy farms (199 farms) in H town, the treatment processes of wastewater have been classified into five groups according to the manure contamination into drain water and the settling tanks installing. As this classification, 18 samples of wastewater obtained from 15 milking centers were chemically analyzed. From these analytical results, the effective measures of wastewater treatment for dairy farms in H town need to be considered.
- Drain water from milking parlor at 20 % of free stall dairy barns were seriously polluted by manure. On the other hand, in almost all milking houses at tie stall dairy barns, drain water was not contaminated by manure, and some drain water passed through the settling tanks conformed to the effluent standards. The factors determining the degree of water pollution were revealed as the mixing rates of manure to drain water of milking center.
- From the result mentioned above, the wastewater without manure contamination in milking center would not be polluted seriously and could be treated by simple purified systems. To reduce the pollution caused by wastewater from milking center in H town, separation of manure from drain water and using low-cost treatment systems such as overflow type some settling tanks or artificial wetland seems to be more practical compared with using some costly purification systems such as membrane based biological treatment processes.
Keywords: milking center, milking parlor, wastewater, purification, dairy farm
- Note (Japanese)
Damage of Pipe-Framed Greenhouses by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami
- Hideki MORIYAMA, Masahisa ISHII, Limi OKUSHIMA and Sadanori SASE
- Numerous pipe-framed greenhouses (referred to as “pipe houses” hereafter) were damaged by the 2011 Earthquake and Tsunami off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku and Kanto districts. We surveyed damaged pipe houses in Miyagi Prefecture and classified the damage characteristics from the Tsunami. Near the Pacific coast, the strength of pipe houses could not withstand the Tsunami forces acting on them. At locations several km inland from the coast, pipe houses would be destroyed by the force of the Tsunami driven water and debris where they were not constructed in an area protected by some energy dissipator such as an embankment. Where the energy dissipator provide sufficient protection or the static water pressure on the side of pipe house is eliminated, pipe house failure is avoided. Pipe house showing water marks at levels up to 160 cm in height did not collapse as long as water was able to enter inside the pipe house immediately. This concept can also be applied to the measure of flooding in other areas. Where measurements for salt injury and contamination of soil by the marine sludge sedimentation, which include heavy metals, are high, high-bench cultivation is one of the most effective options for production.
Keywords: pipe-framed greenhouse, the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Tsunami, characteristics for damage, field survey
